Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a member of a family of endogenous cytokines that plays an important role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, survival and functional activation of hematopoietic cells such as neutropholes, basophiles, eosonophoiles and lymphocytes. It was discovered in 1977 and was named GM-CSF because of its function as a stimulator of colony formation of granulocytes-macrophages progenitors from bone marrow precursor cells in-vitro. GM-CSF effects the development of Granulocytes, Macrophages and Eosinophiles in smaller doses while its effect on erythroids, megakaryocytes and myeloid progenitors requires higher concentration. GM-CSF also controls dentritic cells(DCs) and T-cell functions , thus playing a role in both innate and acquired immunity.
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Angiopoietin-1 is a member of the Angiopoietin family of proteins, which serve a crucial role in the development of the vascular system, as well as angiogenesis. As such, it is assumed that Angiopoietin-1 is involved in the development of the heart, as well as contributes to blood vessel maturation and stability. Continue reading →
Interleukin 4 (also known as IL-4, in abbreviation) is in fact a cytokine. Its role is to generate the specification of naive helper T cells to Th2 cells, which in return continue to create more and more Il-4. These Th2 cells are active helpers of B-cells, as well as play a role in the production of both Il-5 and Il-6.
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Bone morphogenetic protein (also known as BMP) is the general name for a particular family of growth factors, which can be found in extremely small quantities in bone material. In fact, apart from the BMP1, all members of Bone morphogenetic proteins are part of a larger group- the TGF-beta family. There are many different types of proteins that, some of them are qualitatively identical.
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein
There are 15 kinds of morphogenetic proteins; this article presents types 1-7.
BMP1
BMP1 is comprised of 730 amino acids, and includes 22 amino acids that encode together a signal sequence. As apposed to other BMP members, this protein does not belong to the TGF-beta group, but is actually a relative of BP10. BMP1 enzyme splits a few pro-collagens into particles that together may construct collagen fibrils. BMP1 is the same as procollagen C-proteinase. Functionally, BMP1 is a part of the cartilage formation process.
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein
This article presents BMP types 8-15.
BMP8
BMP8 is comprised of 139 amino acids, and is a carbon copy of OP-2. Functionally, and much like other members of the family, BMP8 plays a role in both bone and cartilage development. Some will refer to this protein as BMP8a.
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Interleukin (encoded in humans as IL-6 gene) is a type of protein that can be originated from various cells. Interleukins are a group of cytokines, originally considered to be expressed by leukocytes (otherwiseknown as white blood cells). IL-6 is a type of Interleukin that acts as a kind of cytokine, with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory action. Perhaps it is this reason why IL-6 is
secreted from so many various sources (after stimulation): mainly fibrolasts, endothenial cells and monocytes, but also smooth muscle cells, mast cells, osteoblasts, granulocytes,
T-cells and more. Continue reading →
Adiponectin (aka GBP-28, apM1, Acrp30, AdipoQ) is a type of protein. In humans, Adiponectin is encoded by the ADIPOQ gene and ACDC, which both contain Adiponectin, C1q, and collagen domain. It was found to be identical with apM1 (Maeda et al., 1996), and GBP-28 (Nakano et al., 1996).
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This blog is about information & news regarding protein | Cytokines | Growth Factors | Chemokines | CD Antigens | Neurotrophins | Hormones | Enzymes | Recombinant Proteins | Viral Antigens | Monoclonal Antibodies.
